Volume 01, Issue 02

A copyright-patent dilemma in the age of machines” is basically a deep dive into the legal mess that’s popping up now that robots are out here writing novels (okay, maybe not Shakespeare, but still) and coming up with inventions. Suddenly, the old-school rules about who owns what get wobbly. Like, if a bot spits out a song, who actually owns it? the programmer? the person who hit the “go” button? Or is it just fair game for everyone? Honestly, the whole copyright and patent thing was built on the idea that humans are behind the curtain, pulling the creative strings. Now AI is making stuff sometimes without much human help, and everyone’s scrambling to figure out if a machine can legally be called an “author” or “inventor.” Spoiler: the law isn’t really ready for this. The article probably hustles through all the ethical and legal headaches: should these AI-made works get copyright protection? Who decides? And what happens when two different AIs accidentally make the same thing? The current rules just don’t fit. Some folks argue, “Hey, give copyright to the human who did the heavy lifting, setting up the AI!” Others are like, “Nah, make it public domain; let everyone use it,” a classic internet fight. You’ll probably find the author batting around possible fixes, maybe suggesting new laws or even a whole new way of thinking about intellectual property. It’s not just about who gets the cash or the credit; it’s about rethinking what creativity even means when computers are in the mix. Bottom line, the articles poke at the soft spots in our legal system, asking if it’s time to toss out the old playbook and come up with something that makes sense in a world where machines are, well, creators too.

This paper explores the argument that cultural identity, while historically rooted and emotionally resonant, acts as an obstacle to national class solidarity in capitalist societies. Using the example of the Sindhi community in India, who, despite lacking a geographic homeland, maintain strong linguistic, religious, and economic cohesion, the paper demonstrates how cultural preservation can lead to socio-economic fragmentation. The Sindhis' emphasis on intra-community networks and entrepreneurial self-sufficiency has often aligned them with bourgeois interests rather than integrating them into broader class-based national movements. Drawing on dialectical materialism, the paper argues for the negation of such cultural particularisms, not as cultural erasure, but as a necessary transformation to forge a unified national consciousness grounded in class solidarity. Through historical examples such as the Paris Commune, the Soviet Union, and revolutionary Cuba, the paper illustrates how a redefined identity centered on labor and collective struggle can replace divisive cultural affiliations. Ultimately, it contends that without this dialectical shift, the working class remains fractured and vulnerable to bourgeois capitalist domination. The paper concludes that revolutionary change requires cultural identity to be reimagined, not preserved, in service of national unity and cohesion.

The present study aimed to examine the mental health status of Ph.D. research scholars enrolled at Sardar Patel University. Utilizing a random sampling method, data were collected from doctoral students across various departments. The Mental Health Scale developed by Dr. D.J. Bhatt and G.R. Gida was employed to assess participants' mental health. The key independent variables considered in the study were gender, area of residence (urban/rural), and academic stream. An independent samples t-test was used to analyze the data. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in mental health based on gender, indicating that gender plays an important role in the mental well-being of doctoral students. However, no significant differences were observed with respect to area and academic stream. The findings highlight the need for gender-sensitive mental health support initiatives in higher education settings, especially for research scholars coping with academic stress and related challenges.

This research explores the faculty's attitude toward the academic performance indicator (API) system implemented by the University Grants Commission (UGC) structure. Transparency, qualification-based evaluation, and promoting academic accountability, the API process has significantly affected the faculty, distributing work stress and academic results. Using a mixed method of survey and interview with teachers of public and private universities, the research investigates awareness, felt effectiveness, and methodological challenges of implementing API. The results show that although performance evaluation has been standardized in the API system and the results of the research have been encouraged, it has also contributed to bureaucratic rigidity, stress, and a reduction of education quality. The survey concludes that to achieve a balanced system can be achieved by integrating the quality evaluation with the measurement of functioning in order to enhance academic excellence and institutional confidence.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM) is one of the most conventional metabolic disorders worldwide, which is initially powered by asymmetrical lifestyle, unhealthy eating, and growing urbanisation. As a chronic state characterised by insulin prevention and weak glucose metabolism, T2 DM creates a significant health, social, and economic burden. Although conventional pharmaceutical treatments play an important role in the control of glycemia, they are often associated with side effects, expenditure limitations, and the patient's noncompliance. In recent years, the interest in exploring alternatives and supplemental therapy from medicinal plants, especially antidiabetic ones, has been increasing. This descriptive review investigates the therapeutic possibilities of three traditional herbs—Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), Cinnamomum verum (real cinnamon), and Morus alba (white mulberry)—under the management of T2DM. Each of these botanicals has a chronic history in the traditional medical system and shows hopeful hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and insulin-sensitive effects based on emerging preclinical and clinical evidence. Despite their enthusiastic pharmacological profile, the challenges of extracting the extract, determining effective dose, organic availability, and long-term security are continuing. This review emphasises the requirements of strict, well-planned clinical trials and pharmacodynamic studies to verify the effectiveness and security of these herbal interventions. Finally, the goal of this study is to catalyse more scientific investigation on plant-based accessory therapy for T2DM and to encourage more integrated and overall methods for diabetes care.

To reduce the number of polls, save money, and improve governance, the "One Nation, One Election" concept proposes holding simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and all State Legislative Assemblies in India. Although the idea has recently acquired momentum, there are significant constitutional, legal, administrative, and governmental barriers to its implementation. This study thoroughly examines the constitutional validity of synchronized elections, as well as relevant clauses, the need for revisions, and the logistical and political problems that must be solved. It also discusses prior practices, recommendations from expert panels, and other alternatives such as phased synchronization. It also discusses prior practices, recommendations from expert panels, and other alternatives such as phased synchronization. The analysis concludes that, despite the proposal's potential benefits, caution must be exercised in order to find a balance between efficacy and essential values of Indian democracy and federalism.

Purpose – Micro-influencers, identified as social media users between a regular user and celebrities, have become key players in digital marketing. This paper studies the changing credibility of micro-influencers and the way they affect the behavioral intention of Instagram users from India. Design – The research employed a qualitative methodology. Distilled responses from 150 Instagram users, 20 micro-influencers, and 10 small business owners were tabulated. Participants were specifically sought out based on their extent of participation in the context of influencer-driven content, and their purchases of featured products. Findings – The research shows that micro-influencers are having a substantial impact (again) in niche areas including beauty, fashion and fitness. Influencer relatability, consistency and perceived authenticity impact purchase intentions and viral behaviors (liking, sharing, tagging). Implications – The concept of influencer marketing in India is evolving; thus, brands and especially SMEs are identifying micro-influencers with engagement rates, authenticity, and cost-effectiveness. The findings in this paper support investing in the micro-influencer element of influencer marketing given their perceived authenticity and still scalability and emotional relevance of campaign development. Originality/Value - This research offers new insight into measurable effects of Instagram micro-influencers on behavioral changes of Indian consumers in 2024 while many papers study celebrity endorsements or macro-influencers.

This research contributes to academia and industry by proposing the FDWA, advocating for a task force to oversee labour conditions, and emphasizing corporate social responsibility. It calls for harmonized standards and gender-sensitive policies to protect the diverse hospitality workforce. Limitations include restricted primary data access and regional focus, suggesting future studies explore national scalability and long-term policy impacts. As of July 02, 2025, this study provides a timely foundation for reimagining labour practices in India’s hospitality sector, aligning economic growth with social justice.

Student engagement is a critical factor influencing academic achievement in secondary schools. This study examines the relationship between classroom engagement and academic performance among secondary school students in Gujarat. Using a mixed-methods approach, data was collected through surveys, classroom observations, and academic records. The findings indicate a strong positive correlation between active student engagement and higher academic achievement. The study highlights the importance of interactive teaching strategies, student motivation, and classroom environment in enhancing learning outcomes. Recommendations are provided for educators and policymakers to foster better engagement practices in schools.

Environmental aesthetics, a branch of philosophy, explores the appreciation and interpretation of both natural and human-made environments, challenging the conventional focus of aesthetics on art alone. It examines how sensory experiences, cultural contexts, and ecological insights influence our interactions with various landscapes, ranging from untouched wilderness to urban settings. This field, developed by scholars such as Allen Carlson and Arnold Berleant, contrasts cognitive frameworks— where scientific understanding enhances our appreciation of nature—with participatory methods that prioritize lived experiences. By rejecting strict separations between nature and culture, it intersects with disciplines like ecology, geography, and ethics, investigating how aesthetic values impact conservation efforts and sustainability practices. Current applications aim to address issues such as climate change, urban development, and biodiversity decline by incorporating aesthetic considerations into policies, designs, and community initiatives. By promoting environments that harmonize beauty, functionality, and ecological integrity, environmental aesthetics highlights the importance of perception in nurturing ethical stewardship and overall well-being. This interdisciplinary dialogue connects theory with practice, emphasizing the significance of aesthetic engagement in rethinking humanity's relationship with an increasingly vulnerable planet.

In the context of Indian knowledge tradition, I have tried to provide detailed information about Marsia here. In this article, I have tried to provide as much detailed information as possible on the meaning of Marsia, its definition, its lamentation in various literatures and the diversity of Marsia's themes. I have talked a little about the Marsia-related works found in Indian knowledge tradition and folklore here in terms of overview.

The Indian hospitality industry, a vital contributor to the nation’s economy, employs over 8 million workers as of 2023, yet many earn below the minimum wage, highlighting the urgent need for robust legal protections. Since the 1991 economic liberalization, the sector has witnessed significant growth, relying heavily on a labour-intensive workforce that includes servers, housekeepers, cooks, and porters. Despite its economic significance—accounting for approximately 10% of India’s workforce in 2018—hospitality workers face persistent challenges such as low wages, long working hours, job insecurity, and limited social protections, particularly in the informal sector. This study examines how legal frameworks, governance structures, and public policies can address these labour challenges in India’s hospitality industry, proposing a Fair and Decent Work Agenda (FDWA) to enhance worker protections. The research objectives include identifying key laws, evaluating governance effectiveness, and recommending policy reforms to foster equitable labour practices and sustainable industry growth. The legal landscape governing the hospitality sector comprises a complex network of central, state, and local laws. The Factories Act, 1948, regulates working conditions in hotel kitchens and laundries, mandating safety measures and a maximum of 48 hours weekly. The Minimum Wages Act, 1948, sets state-specific wage rates, though non-compliance is rampant in smaller establishments. The Payment of Wages Act, 1936, ensures timely payments, while the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948, and the Employees’ Provident Fund Act, 1952, provide social security benefits, often evaded by small hotels. Gender-specific protections under the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, offer 26 weeks of paid leave, yet enforcement remains weak. The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970, addresses conditions for contract workers, a common practice in hotels, but lacks consistent oversight. Safety and health regulations, such as the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, and Fire Safety Regulations, protect workers and customers, while operational laws like the Shops and Establishments Act and Consumer Protection Act, 2019, ensure workplace compliance. These laws, though comprehensive, suffer from enforcement gaps, exacerbated by the informal nature of much of the workforce. Governance structures play a crucial role in bridging legal intent and practical outcomes. The Ministry of Tourism, Hospitality Development and Promotion Board (HDPB), and state labour departments oversee compliance, yet understaffed labour inspection systems struggle to monitor the decentralized industry. Industry associations like the Federation of Hotels and Restaurants Association of India (FHRAI) and Hotel Association of India advocate for worker welfare, but low unionization rates and barriers to collective bargaining limit their impact. Corporate governance in large chains, such as the Taj Group, demonstrates ethical practices like training programs, yet issues like high work pressure and contract labour reliance persist. The post-COVID recovery, marked by temporary relief measures like subsidies, underscores the need for long-term governance reforms to address layoffs and increased workloads, as seen in the Orchid Hotel staff strike context. Public policy offers opportunities to address these challenges, particularly for the informal workforce, which lacks social security, and migrant labourers in urban centres like Mumbai and Delhi. Wage disparities across states, influenced by the Minimum Wages Act, highlight the need for standardized living wages. The study evaluates post-COVID policy responses and proposes the FDWA, which includes living wages, job security, career development, worker representation, and compliance monitoring. The rise of gig work and technological advancements necessitates adaptive policies to ensure fair compensation and benefits. Case studies—such as the Taj Group in Mumbai, informal workers in Rajasthan’s heritage tourism, and female housekeepers in Delhi—illustrate these dynamics, revealing best practices, enforcement gaps, and gender-specific issues like harassment under the POSH Act, 2013. The methodology employs a qualitative research design, focusing on Mumbai and Navi Mumbai due to their significance as tourism and business hubs. A mixed-methods approach includes a PRISMA-guided literature review of 50–70 sources from 2015–2025, case study analysis, and policy evaluation using Ministry of Labour data. Primary data from 18 hotel staff interviews, conducted via questionnaires and 12-minute face-to-face discussions, inform the study, analysed using SPSS and thematic analysis per Braun and Clarke (2006). The Orchid Hotel staff strike post-COVID serves as a case summary, reflecting global trends of labour unrest due to layoffs and workload increases. Findings reveal enforcement inefficiencies, governance weaknesses, and policy adaptability needs, with a SWOT analysis highlighting opportunities for technology-driven compliance tools. This research contributes to academia and industry by proposing the FDWA, advocating for a task force to oversee labour conditions, and emphasizing corporate social responsibility. It calls for harmonized standards and gender-sensitive policies to protect the diverse hospitality workforce. Limitations include restricted primary data access and regional focus, suggesting future studies explore national scalability and long-term policy impacts. As of July 02, 2025, this study provides a timely foundation for reimagining labour practices in India’s hospitality sector, aligning economic growth with social justice.

This study explores the opportunities and challenges associated with the integration of AI-powered teaching-learning development tools among educators. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the research combines quantitative data from a survey of 150 teachers and qualitative insights from 15 semi-structured interviews with educators and AI experts. The findings reveal that AI-based assessment tools, virtual assistants, and adaptive learning platforms are the most commonly used technologies, enhancing teaching efficiency and student engagement. Teachers generally perceive AI positively, particularly in terms of its ability to personalize instruction and streamline repetitive tasks. However, significant barriers to adoption remain, including a lack of professional training, inadequate infrastructure—especially in rural areas—and time constraints related to integration efforts. Statistical analysis shows that institutional context and teaching experience influence educators' perceptions, with college faculty and less experienced teachers displaying higher receptivity to AI tools. Qualitative data further underscores that while AI is welcomed as a supportive resource, it is not seen as a replacement for human educators. The study concludes that for effective and sustainable AI integration, educational institutions must invest in training, infrastructure, and support systems while maintaining the teacher’s central role in the learning process.

This study introduces an innovative method of practical trigonometry by associating the theoretical ideas with the real-world measurement techniques and contemporary instruments. It challenges the traditional compartmentalization of trigonometry as an abstract field, arguing that such isolation limits its effective potential in branches such as civil engineering, architecture, geology, astronomy, and navigation. The research critically evaluates the use of modern equipment such as digital theodolite, Arduino-based sensor, and mobile measure applications in solving trigonometric problems associated with height, distance, and spatial analysis. In addition, it revisits the historical measurement system to propose an integrated educational structure that combines conventional methods with modern technology. This hybrid model promotes experimental education, inter-subject connection, and technical literacy. Emphasizing hand-pen experimentation and inter-subject cooperation, the research wants to revive trigonometry education, which makes it more attractive, applicable and prepare for the future for students and professionals.

The Tarnetar Fair, conducted yearly in the Surendranagar area of Gujarat, exemplifies a significant amalgamation of mythology, ritual, and social history. Originating from the "Swayamvar" legend of the Mahabharata, the fair functions as both a spiritual trip to the Trinetreshwar Mahadev Temple and a culturally endorsed matrimonial assembly among tribal clans. This study examines the historical roots, mythical influences, architectural legacy, and modern social relevance of the Tarnetar Fair. The study highlights the fair's multifaceted importance in preserving tribal identity, enabling matchmaking, and supporting local economy. The study elucidates how the Tarnetar Fair operates as both a celebration and a venue for cultural continuity and transition, viewed through the combined perspectives of anthropology, history, and religion studies. The fair's lasting allure stems from its capacity to connect historic customs with contemporary communal life, thereby maintaining its significance across generations.

This study examines employee perceptions of human resource (HR) practices and their impact on employee performance within small and medium enterprises (SMEs), with a specific focus on one chemical company. Using a descriptive research design and convenience sampling method, data were collected from 100 employees through structured questionnaires. The research investigates the relationship between key HR functions—recruitment & selection, training & development, performance appraisal, compensation, and health & safety—and employee performance. The findings indicate that compensation and training & development have a significant and positive impact on performance, while recruitment & selection, performance appraisal, and health & safety show weaker or no significant relationships. Among the independent variables, compensation emerged as the most influential predictor of employee performance. The study concludes that while several HR practices are effectively contributing to employee outcomes, performance appraisal systems require significant improvement to enhance organizational performance. The results offer actionable insights for HR professionals and SMEs aiming to align HR strategies with performance outcomes.

ભિખારી અને માર્ગાવાસી લોકોની સમસ્યા માત્ર આર્થિક નથી, પરંતુ એક વિસ્તૃત સમાજશાસ્ત્રીય સમસ્યા છે જે સામાજિક અસમાનતા, વ્યવસ્થાગત અસફળતા અને માનવ અધિકારોના ઉલ્લંઘન સાથે જોડાયેલી છે. આ વર્ગના લોકો જીવનની મૂળભૂત જરૂરિયાતો જેવી કે ખોરાક, આશરો, આરોગ્ય અને સ્વચ્છતા માટે પણ સંઘર્ષ કરે છે. નિરાધારતા, બેરોજગારી, માનસિક તથા શારીરિક રોગો, પરિવાર વિયોગ, અને વ્યસન જેવી પરિસ્થિતિઓ તેમને રસ્તા પર લાવી દે છે. સમાજના મુખ્ય પ્રવાહથી તેઓ અલગ પડી જાય છે, અને તેમનું નિમ્નીકરણ થાય છે. આ લેખમાં ભિખારીઓ અને માર્ગાવાસી લોકોના જીવન પર પડતા સામાજિક, આર્થિક અને સાંસ્કૃતિક પરિબળોની ચર્ચા કરવામાં આવશે. સાથે સાથે, સરકાર તેમજ ગેરસરકારી સંસ્થાઓ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવતી પુનઃસ્થાપન નીતિઓનું વિશ્લેષણ પણ કરવામાં આવશે. સમાજશાસ્ત્રીય દ્રષ્ટિકોણથી આવા લોકોને પુનઃસન્માનિત જીવનમાં સામેલ કરવા માટેના પગલાંઓ તથા સંભવિત ઉકેલો વિષે પણ ચિંતન કરવામાં આવશે.

In India, green marketing has become a popular strategy for brands trying to show they care about the environment. However, many consumers are now resisting these efforts. This paper explores why this resistance is growing and how companies can respond. Research shows that one of the main causes is greenwashing, where brands exaggerate or invent their sustainability claims. This makes people feel misled and reduces trust. High prices and limited access to eco-friendly products also create the sense that green marketing mainly targets wealthy consumers. Additionally, many campaigns use Western ideas about sustainability that do not fit well with Indian culture and daily life. Consumers are also experiencing “eco-fatigue,” feeling tired of endless green messages that lack real action and impact. To address these challenges, the paper suggests that companies should be more transparent by sharing clear, verifiable information about their environmental efforts. Using trusted third-party certifications can help rebuild confidence. Also, making green products more affordable and tailoring messages to local languages and cultural values can make a difference. Involving consumers in recycling programs or community initiatives helps create a sense of shared purpose. Examples of various brands show that honest communication as well as accessible products can overcome resistance. Instead of seeing resistance as a problem, this study argues it should be viewed as valuable feedback. It shows that consumers want real commitment, not just marketing slogans. By listening and adapting, companies can turn skepticism into trust and build stronger connections with Indian consumers who care about the environment.

Particularly for ecologically sensitive industries like the cement business, corporate social responsibility, or CSR, has emerged as a critical component of company strategy. Over the course of 2014–15 to 2021–22, this study examines the empirical relationship between CSR spending and the financial performance of a subset of Indian cement companies. The study uses descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis to investigate the effects of CSR initiatives on financial indicators like Net Profit Margin, Current Ratio, Net Worth Margin, Profit Before Depreciation, Interest and Taxes (PBDIT), and Enterprise Value to PBDIT (EV/PBDIT) using secondary data from the annual reports and CSR disclosures of six top cement companies. With PBDIT and Net Worth Margin displaying statistically significant results, the data suggest a typically positive correlation between CSR spending and important financial indicators. It would seem from this that businesses that incorporate corporate social responsibility (CSR) into their main business plans likely to have better long-term financial results. Despite the less clear-cut findings for liquidity and valuation metrics, the analysis backs up the idea that CSR is a strategic investment rather than just a compliance need. Investors, legislators, and corporate managers looking to strike a balance between sustainability and profitability will find these ideas to be helpful.

આધુનિક સમયમાં, યુવાનોમાં વધતા જતા માનસિક સ્વાસ્થ્યના પ્રશ્નો, ખાસ કરીને આત્મહત્યાના વિચારો, એક ગંભીર સામાજિક ચિંતાનો વિષય બન્યા છે. આ લેખ આધ્યાત્મિકતા કેવી રીતે યુવાનોમાં આત્મહત્યાના વિચારો ઘટાડવામાં મદદરૂપ થઈ શકે છે તેના પર ધ્યાન કેન્દ્રિત કરે છે. આધ્યાત્મિકતાને અહીં કોઈ ચોક્કસ ધર્મ પૂરતી મર્યાદિત ન રાખતા, વ્યક્તિના જીવનના ઉદ્દેશ્ય, મૂલ્યો, આશા અને આંતરિક શાંતિની શોધ તરીકે વ્યાખ્યાયિત કરવામાં આવી છે. આધ્યાત્મિક પ્રથાઓ, જેમ કે ધ્યાન, યોગ, પ્રાર્થના, અને પ્રકૃતિ સાથેનો સંવાદ યુવાનોમાં સકારાત્મક માનસિક સ્થિતિ નિર્માણ કરી શકે છે. તે તણાવ અને ચિંતા ઘટાડવામાં આત્મસન્માન વધારવામાં અને જીવન પ્રત્યે સકારાત્મક દૃષ્ટિકોણ કેળવવામાં મદદ કરે છે. આધ્યાત્મિકતા યુવાનોને મુશ્કેલ પરિસ્થિતિઓમાં પણ આશા અને સ્થિતિસ્થાપકતા જાળવી રાખવા માટેનું બળ પૂરું પાડે છે જેનાથી આત્મહત્યાના વિચારોની સંભાવના ઘટે છે. આધુનિક યુગમાં યૌવન એક એવી જીવન અવસ્થાને પ્રતિનિધિત્વ આપે છે જ્યાં વ્યક્તિ શારીરિક, માનસિક અને સામાજિક પરિવર્તનનો સામનો કરે છે. આ સમયમાં યુવાનોમાં જીવનપ્રતિ અનિશ્ચિતતા, તણાવ, અસફળતા અને અસુરક્ષાના ભાવના વધતી જોવા મળે છે જેના કારણે આત્મહત્યાના વિચારો (Suicidal Thoughts) વધતા જઈ રહ્યા છે. વિશ્વ સ્વાસ્થ્ય સંસ્થાના તાજેતરના અહેવાલ અનુસાર આત્મહત્યા યુવાનોમાં મૃત્યુનું મુખ્ય કારણ બન્યું છે આત્મહત્યાના વિચારો ધરાવતા યુવાનોને મદદ કરવા માટે આધ્યાત્મિકતાના સંભવિત લાભો પર પ્રકાશ પાડે છે

This research explores the entrepreneurial efforts of refugees in rural Finland, focusing on the path of economic integration and personal empowerment by creating businesses. In the face of challenges such as language barriers, limited access to capital, and cultural adaptation, refugee entrepreneurs show resilience and innovation in establishing initiatives that contribute to the local economy and social solidarity.The focus of this entrepreneur is the role of supporting networks like Startup Refugee, a Finnish initiative that addresses the complexities of starting a business by providing refugee advice, training, and resources. Through personalized programs, including employment matching and business development workshops, startup refugees have created more than 200 new businesses and integrated thousands of refugees into the Finnish labor market.It highlights the distinct details of Iraq's Mustafa Abdulmi, who transformed the experience of becoming an active participant in Finland's startup ecosystem from the refugee center. His journey highlights the importance of community support and personal determination to overcome systemic obstacles.The results show that refugee entrepreneurs in rural Finland are not only encouraging economic self-sufficiency but also enriching the cultural and social structure of the organizer community. Protection of refugees through entrepreneurs challenges the traditional concept and shows the possibility of inclusive policies and support structures.This research contributes to a wide discussion on refugee consolidation, emphasizing the need for appropriate support for the unique challenges faced by refugee entrepreneurs and their possibilities. Slightly highlighted in these journeys, research supports principles that facilitate entrepreneurial opportunities as an effective way for the inclusion of refugees and the development of the community.

An Environment-Centric Study of the Novel ‘Akoopar’:The relationship between humans and the environment is not formal—it is deep, mysterious, and profound. Among human experiences, the experience of nature is primary and prominent. The development of science and machine culture has impacted not only the environment but also brought changes within human nature itself. Due to all this, the balance of the environment has been disturbed. The race for material pleasures has led to the erosion of our natural way of life. At a time when activities to protect the environment have already begun, what have creators (writers) felt in this context? They have expressed it through their creations. This paper aims to study that expression. In Dhruv Bhatt’s novel Akoopar, how the environment is portrayed and what efforts are made to protect it—this is the subject of exploration. The novel is set around the year 2010. Detailed information about this will be presented in the research paper.

The word "subliminal" in Latin means "below the threshold," indicating that stimuli below this threshold cannot be consciously perceived. Subliminal stimuli refer to any sensory inputs below an individual's threshold for conscious awareness. In this study, an experiment was designed using PsychoPy software, an open-source package for running Python-based experiments. A within-group design was employed with a total of 75 participants, selected through purposive sampling. The results indicate a relationship between subliminal image presentation and participants' decision-making. The number of correct responses for experimental pictures was higher than the random responses for control pictures. No significant differences were observed in responses to dual-modality pictures (i.e., text with symbol or symbol alone). The study also found evidence of memory and recognition for material subliminally exposed to participants. Additionally, as the number of trials increased, results suggested that learning may have occurred.

This paper explores the philosophical query: Can machines possess minds? It examines just whether advanced AI systems—particularly those based upon functionalist models—can possess genuine mental states, intentionality, also consciousness because it draws directly from analytic philosophy as well as developments within artificial intelligence (AI). The discussion begins with key theories of mind, along with dualism, behaviorism, identity theory, and functionalism. Functionalism offers a plausible framework, yet it cannot fully explain subjective experience or qualia, some argue. John Searle and David Chalmers offer critiques the paper engages with. It also stresses computational simulation lacks conscious comprehension. It evaluates symbolic and connectionist AI systems represented and concludes that while these technologies can simulate aspects of cognition, they lack phenomenological awareness and intrinsic intentionality. Ethical implications are also addressed in the book, and they include risks like anthropomorphism as well as responsibility misattribution and the moral status for artificial agents. Ultimately, the paper argues AI systems do not possess criteria needed for mindedness, such as the experiential or ontological. However, they do tend to invite some vital interdisciplinary reflection on that ethical responsibility, on personhood, and even on the nature of mind in such an increasingly automated world. though it provokes important interdisciplinary inquiry into the nature of intelligence, personhood, and ethical responsibility in the age of AI.

The complex interplay between artificial intelligence algorithms and social media during times of crisis especially focuses upon the context that involves India-Pakistan escalations. The paper attempted to examine how AI drives narrative construction along with pushes to deepen ideological polarization for further calculated gains by spreading misinformation plus synthetic media. The study examines artificial intelligence algorithms' detailed relationship with social media platforms throughout the war. It focuses specifically upon the context of India–Pakistan escalations. It examines just how AI-driven recommendation systems construct national narratives, then deepen ideological polarization, and further ease the spread of misinformation and synthetic media. The paper draws from interdisciplinary literature as well as discusses the algorithmic architecture of platforms, the emergence of digital echo chambers, and the governance challenges in managing content and algorithmic accountability during geopolitical crises. It ends via urging thought about platform duties. Algorithmic design should be rethought also so that they safeguard democratic integrity and promote informational authenticity during conflicts. 

Equal justice can be given only when equal opportunity is given to all. Tele Law and Nyaya Bandhu (Pro Bono Legal Services): These two schemes provide that opportunity and have jointly constituted revolutionary changes in assuring judicial remedies, simultaneously launched in 2017 by the Ministry of Law and Justice. Where Tele Law ensures free legal advice through audiovisual communication, Nyaya Bandhu provides competent advocates and guarantees free legal aid or assistance for the citizens as specified under Section 12 of the Legal Service Authorities Act 1987. Thus, these programs have enhanced the scope of equal justice as guaranteed under Article 14, Article 22(1), and Article 39A of the Constitution of India or prevented the violation of the right to a fair trial. And for the purpose of, just as the Indian government has made legal advice and aid free for the helpless people, it has also ensured that these schemes can reach the hands of the people. And that would never have been possible without the help of technology, so to make their application simplified and accessible, the government has also launched two mobile apps with the same title: "Nyaya Bandhu" in 2017 and "Tele Law" in 2021, then their merged version "Tele Law 2.0" in 2023 to ensure both services in a single registration. Though technological implementation has made these initiatives a great success, there are still some obstacles to overcome. This paper tries to explore and discuss the achievements of these schemes to maintain equality and justice amongst the people, it also highlights those obstacles for their implementation as well as proposes some solutions that might help in clearing those obstacles, resulting in its smooth implementation throughout the country to ensure that the ultimate object of the two schemes is achieved.

Positive psychology, once heralded as a transformative shift in mental health, has come under scrutiny for its unintended consequence: toxic positivity. This review critically explores the psychological cost of suppressing negative emotions under the guise of optimism. Toxic positivity—characterized by the dismissal of emotional pain in favor of forced cheerfulness—has become pervasive in modern culture, from social media to corporate wellness initiatives. While positivity can foster resilience, its misapplication can invalidate genuine suffering and contribute to emotional repression, isolation, and long-term mental health issues. We distinguish toxic positivity from healthy positivity, the latter of which encourages emotional authenticity and psychological flexibility. Drawing on empirical research, we examine how toxic positivity adversely impacts individuals experiencing grief, trauma, and chronic illness—contexts in which emotional validation is essential. Suppressing difficult emotions in these circumstances has been linked to higher rates of anxiety, depression, and complicated grief. As a constructive alternative, the paper introduces tragic optimism, a concept rooted in Viktor Frankl’s existential psychology. Tragic optimism emphasizes hope and meaning-making in the face of suffering rather than its denial. Empirical studies on resilience and post-traumatic growth support the efficacy of this approach in promoting psychological well-being without minimizing pain. The review concludes with actionable recommendations for researchers, clinicians, and institutions to integrate a more balanced model of emotional well-being. These include promoting psychological flexibility, training mental health providers in emotional validation techniques, and reforming public narratives around positivity. By embracing emotional complexity and validating suffering, positive psychology can evolve into a more inclusive and compassionate science.

Introduce to the smiley girani literature it's faint to the Gujarati literature as well as Gujarati culture this literature is a multi cultural and sufism this is Introduction to the Muslims literature etc

In Indian culture, the highest form of consciousness is spiritual consciousness. It is not pursued for individual gain ("self") but for the well-being of all ("universal"). The establishment of Sanatan Dharma and the upliftment of humanity is inherently spiritual. Indian philosophy has always sought truth. It encompasses action (karma), religion (dharma), and knowledge (jnana) as paths. Great sages have considered spiritual transformation essential through the teachings of the Upanishads to attain the ultimate reality. In spirituality, terms such as unconscious, conscious-self, supreme being, and soul are key. The ultimate aim of life is to reach the supreme truth. A person, by recognizing their true self, becomes pure consciousness and bliss. Philosophy does not merely discuss consciousness but helps connect the individual with the supreme truth.

The impact of emotional biases on retail investors' investment decision-making in the Ahmedabad area is examined in this study. The study, which has its roots in behavioral finance, focuses on four emotional biases in particular: sentiment-driven trading, fear of loss, regret aversion, and overreaction to market news. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from 300 respondents as part of a descriptive and correlational study design. Regression analysis showed that, despite the theoretical importance of emotional factors in financial behavior, these biases only explained 2.5% of the variance in investment decisions, making them weak and statistically insignificant. The results show that emotional biases alone have little predictive power and that informational, psychological, and context-specific factors might be more important in directing retail investors. In order to improve rational financial decision-making, the study's conclusion highlights the necessity of a more comprehensive, integrated approach in future research and policy-making.

The present paper is about the expectations of the students of standard-9 of secondary schools of Ahmedabad city towards their teachers. It is very important to know the expectations of the students towards their teachers and bring awareness about it. It is hoped that this paper on the expectations of the students towards their teachers will be useful in the progress of teachers, principals and students as well as educational institutions. The present paper contains information about the introduction, objectives, study questions, definition of terms, limitations of the study, significance of the study and conclusions.

Drama has originated from the expression of human emotions. Drama has been created in various languages ​​of India. It has been created taking historical, mythological, fictional or social stories. It shows a glimpse of the reflection of society. In the present times, many problems are seen in the relationship between parents and children. Due to the modern trend of children, the influence of urbanization and the influence of Western culture, the relationship with parents remains in name only. Also, women in joint families are insulted, disrespected, despised and neglected. Their relationship is limited only to the kitchen. They are prohibited from doing jobs or business. Neither their dreams, aspirations, honor, position or prestige are given to them. 102 Not Out and Bae Mari Boundary, both these plays, expose the relationship between parents and children as well as the neglect of women in joint families and society.

Provided the intercontinental thrust for financial lucidity and rigid anti-money laundering laws, will Swiss banks preserve their status as the favorable station for stockpile wealth among global businessmen, politicians and high net-worth individuals?Switzerland is known for providing Financial Services, which have Footprints from 18TH Century. And the Swiss National Bank (SNB) plays a vital role in the financial sector. At this stage Swiss National Bank has various data for their customers and here it becomes pivotal for the Swiss National Bank to manage the Data while ensuring the protection of the personal data. The Virtue and Customer’s Trust are the upper Priority of the Swiss National Bank. The Swiss National Bank has Launched the Federal Act on Data Protection 1992 (FADP) which ensures the protection of Data of customers and it also ensures the fundamental rights of the customer to Reach the data and make amendments in their personal data. Additionally, the Swiss National Bank has introduced a revised Federal Act on Data Protection (revFADP) which came into force on 25th September,2023. It is an updated version of FADP, Introduced to Eliminate the Technological Problems, which removes the Shortage of Technical problem in FADP, 1992. The both FADP and the Revised FADP has categorized into General category of data: - Non-personal Data: Here, Revised FADP is only applicable to personal data of the customer. While the Data of the individual customers which does not connect with the personal data is out of work for Revised FADP. By way of Illustration, if the Information is not deducted are defined as Non personal data, which does not fall under rev FADP. Personal Data: These terms describe data related to specific individual customers, including data that is linked to the Explicit individuals when merged with other data. These data are likewise, Transaction data. Sensitive personal data: This is a Theoretical portion of personal data clarified exactly by Law and consists of Biometric data. Data management is set up as a foundation for handling data and improves the quality of the data managed and increases the standard of the data. Depending upon the broad ranging analysis round the bank, it can be made certain that the analysis of the bank, it can be assured. For instance, only required and necessary data is obtained and made available at specified location in a refreshed form. The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) is Switzerland's independent financial market regulator. It is authorized to look after banks, insurance companies, asset managers and fund management companies. It also governs distributor and insurance intercessor. When operating bank customer personal data, which FINMA mentions as “Client Identifying Data” (CID). Bank client’s Private data under Article 47 of the Swiss Banking Act applicable on the prior of the data protection law. Under Article 47 Breach of bank client data is treated as a criminal offense. On the contrary of Popularized Reliance, such confidentiality is not unconditional since banks have to reveal information about customers in civil proceedings likewise, Divorce or endowments. Also, in debt recovery and mandatory liquidation proceedings, in criminal proceedings etc. the information of the client is disclosed by the bank. The FINMA Guidance on the Duty to report Cyber Attacks, which is applicable to all supervised institutions, gives the procedure, deadlines and content in notification regarding cyber-attacks. Straightaway action towards FINMA is required, resulting that the impacted institution must inform FINMA within 24 hours of suspecting the cyber-attack. The Swiss Banker Association has also introduced Recommendation on Business Continuity Management (BCM), broadly known as the lower standard on BCM for financial institutions in Switzerland.

Change in the environment leads to resource diminution and endangers the eco-systems, which starts impacting to the economic growth of the countries around the world. More extreme weathers, biodiversity reduction may frighten our existing way of living life. To manage within available finite resources and to meet the needs of growth and live, it is required to make food consumption patterns more environmentally sustainable. It is becoming quite essential to incorporate the sustainable consumption and sustainable Development Goals (SDG) patterns into the daily food choices and eating habits. Many people already have positive and concerned views towards sustainable food and its consumption but still the notable gap exists between their attitudes, practice for purchase and consumption of sustainable food products. The current work focused on studying consumers’ behaviour towards sustainable food consumption. A structured questionnaire was prepared and distributed to the potential respondents via Google form. 161 responses were received. Findings of the study suggested awareness and positive attitude about sustainable food and readiness to consume, and pay premium for it among the respondents but also highlighted the drawbacks of unavailability and high price of sustainable food products. This research paper contributes towards understanding awareness and attitude towards sustainable food and its consumption practices. This will help us to achieve SDG goal that are ensuring the sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Gujarati short stories have been depicting various human relationships from the beginning till date. “Anil Vyas”has also presented these human relationships through various characters in his three collections of stories. He has given stories that reveal the relationship between parents and children. The conflict between two generations, the pitiful condition of the children due to the separation of the couple, the incidents happening in the society are the heart of his stories.

भारतीय बाल साहित्य हमारी प्राचीन विरासत है। यह एक तथ्य है कि भारत में बाल साहित्य शब्द पश्चिम से आया है, लेकिन क्या इसका मतलब यह है कि बाल साहित्य हमारे पास पश्चिम से आया है? भारत के प्राचीन साहित्य, पंचतंत्र, हितोपदेश में हमें बाल साहित्य के अवशेष मिलते हैं। भारत में हम व्यक्तित्व, समाज, संस्कृति, साहित्य आदि में वैश्विकता देखते हैं। इस शोध पत्र में भारतीय बाल कहानियों में वैश्विकता कैसे दिखती है, भारत की धरती पर जिस तरह से एक बच्चे का पालन-पोषण होता है, वह दुनिया के बच्चों के लिए कैसे उपयोगी होगा, हमारी कहानियों से दुनिया के बच्चे कैसे बड़े हुए, दुनिया ने भारतीय बाल साहित्य से क्या लिया, यह कितना उपयोगी रहा — इन सभी का अध्ययन इस शोध लेख में किया जाएगा। भारतीय बाल साहित्य हमारी प्राचीन संस्कृति और धरोहर का अभिन्न अंग है। भारतीय बाल कथाएँ न केवल बच्चों के लिए मनोरंजन का माध्यम रही हैं, बल्कि ये जीवन के नैतिक, सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक पहलुओं की भी शिक्षा देती रही हैं। इन काव्यमूलक और कथामूलक रचनाओं में बच्चों के लिए उपयोगी संदेश होते हैं जो उनके मानसिक और नैतिक विकास में सहायक होते हैं। हालाँकि बाल साहित्य का शब्द पश्चिमी देशों से आया, लेकिन भारतीय संस्कृति में इसके समृद्ध उदाहरण बहुत प्राचीन काल से मिलते हैं। पंचतंत्र, हितोपदेश और जटायु कथा जैसे ग्रंथों में बाल साहित्य के प्राचीन स्वरूप के उदाहरण देखे जा सकते हैं। भारत में बच्चों के पालन-पोषण की जो परंपरा है, वह न केवल भारतीय समाज के लिए, बल्कि समस्त विश्व के लिए एक आदर्श प्रस्तुत करती है। भारतीय बाल कहानियों में वैश्विकता को समझना अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि भारतीय बाल साहित्य ने न केवल भारतीय बच्चों के जीवन को प्रभावित किया, बल्कि दुनिया भर के बच्चों के जीवन को भी आकार दिया है। इस शोध पत्र में यह समझने का प्रयास किया जाएगा कि भारतीय बाल कहानियाँ वैश्विक दृष्टिकोण से कैसे संगत हैं और भारतीय बाल साहित्य ने विश्व के विभिन्न देशों के बच्चों को कैसे प्रभावित किया है।

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly influencing a variety of sectors, from healthcare to business and more recently the creative industries. This paper explores the evolving relationship between AI and literature, specifically how AI techniques are being used to enhance writing, analysis and literary works. By examining the role of AI in text generation and in aiding literary criticism, the paper identifies both opportunities and challenges. Furthermore, the study delves into philosophical and ethical considerations surrounding the role of AI in creative fields traditionally dominated by human creativity. The paper concludes with a future exploration of AI in literature, considering potential collaborations between human writers and AI.

The present research paper talks about the Indian language done by George Grierson. In this paper, he mainly talks about the survey done by him about the Gujarati language. He talks about his views about the Gujarati language, in which regions is Gujarati spoken. The origin of the Gujarati language, how the word Gujarati came about, the different views of scholars about the Gujarati language, the pronunciation system of the Gujarati language, etc. are discussed here.

This study delves into the financial literacy landscape among working women in India, through a meticulous blend of systematic review and empirical analysis. Employing the PRISMA methodology, a comprehensive literature review uncovered 364 pertinent articles spanning from 2002 to 2024. Subsequent bibliometric, keyword, and journal citation analyses shed light on the pivotal role of financial literacy, financial inclusion, and women within this discourse. Empirical investigation involved 233 working women in India, surveyed via a structured questionnaire to gauge financial knowledge, behavior, and attitude. Results unveiled a worrisome trend of suboptimal financial literacy, with average scores falling short of desirable levels. Statistical scrutiny revealed significant correlations between financial literacy and its facets, emphasizing the urgency of bridging knowledge gaps and fostering positive financial behaviors and attitudes. The study advocates for bespoke financial literacy initiatives tailored to working women and beyond, stressing collaborative efforts between governmental bodies and financial institutions to craft comprehensive educational endeavours aimed at bolstering financial literacy and empowering women to make well-informed financial decisions. Future research avenues should explore demographic influences on financial literacy and expand geographical scope to offer broader insights into the challenges and prospects of promoting financial empowerment among women.

Educational technology has emerged as a transformative force in the field of education, revolutionizing teaching, learning, and assessment processes. It encompasses a broad range of digital tools, resources, and methods that enhance educational delivery and improve learner engagement. The integration of technologies such as e-learning platforms, virtual classrooms, adaptive learning systems, and multimedia content has made education more accessible, flexible, and personalized. Educational technology supports both synchronous and asynchronous learning, facilitating opportunities for students across diverse geographical and socio-economic backgrounds. However, the implementation of educational technology also faces challenges such as the digital divide, lack of infrastructure, teacher preparedness, and data privacy concerns. Addressing these barriers is crucial to maximizing the potential of educational technology in creating inclusive, equitable, and effective education systems. This paper explores the scope, applications, benefits, and challenges of educational technology, emphasizing its pivotal role in shaping the future of education.

Illness can strike anyone at any age, and critical illness is a life-threatening event that affects the individual’s physical, psychological, socio-cultural, and spiritual dimensions. Hemodialysis patients require comprehensive, goal-oriented care to support survival and improve overall quality of life. Dietary management is a vital component of care for hemodialysis patients, and nursing interventions such as structured teaching programmes can significantly enhance patients' knowledge and self-management. The objectives of this study were to assess the knowledge regarding dietary management among hemodialysis patients in selected hospitals of Vadodara, to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme regarding dietary management, and to determine the association between knowledge scores and selected demographic variables. An evaluative approach with a pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design was used. A total of 30 hemodialysis patients were selected through non-probability convenience sampling from selected hospitals in Vadodara. Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. The intervention involved a structured teaching programme on dietary management for hemodialysis patients. In the pre-test, 60% of patients had poor knowledge and 40% had average knowledge. In the post-test, 26 (86.7%) patients demonstrated average knowledge and 3 (10%) showed good knowledge. The overall mean knowledge score improved from 45.3% (SD = 3.4) in the pre-test to 67.5% (SD = 3.37) in the post-test. The mean difference of 4.44 was statistically significant with a t-value of 4.53 (p < 0.05), indicating a positive impact of the structured teaching programme. The study concludes that the structured teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of hemodialysis patients regarding dietary management. Nurses play a crucial role as educators and facilitators in enhancing patient knowledge and promoting better health outcomes through targeted interventions.

This research paper titled “Revisiting Civic Participation: Theories and Trends in Voter Behaviour” explores the multifaceted nature of political engagement in democratic societies. It revisits foundational theories and integrates contemporary developments in voter behaviour, focusing on how citizens interact with electoral processes. From classical models like rational choice to recent insights into digital mobilization, the study maps the evolution of participatory patterns. By examining sociological, psychological, and technological determinants, this paper provides a conceptual framework for understanding civic participation in changing political landscapes. It aims to serve as a theoretical base for future empirical research and democratic policy evaluation.

Max Weber’s theory of bureaucracy remains one of the most influential conceptual tools in understanding modern state organization. His notion of rational-legal authority, founded on impersonal rules, hierarchical structure, and meritocratic recruitment, forms the backbone of what he considered the most efficient form of administrative organization. This paper critically examines the Indian bureaucratic apparatus through a Weberian lens, questioning to what extent the Indian state embodies Weber’s ideal type of bureaucracy. Beginning with an exposition of Weber’s theoretical framework, the paper moves on to trace the historical evolution of Indian bureaucracy from its colonial legacy to its current democratic incarnation. It assesses the institutionalization of rational-legal authority in India, but also uncovers structural contradictions—such as the persistence of caste, regionalism, and political patronage—that hinder bureaucratic rationality. Drawing on empirical cases and theoretical critique, the study argues that while Indian bureaucracy formally aligns with Weber’s principles, it is functionally distorted by socio-political influences. Moreover, Weber’s model, rooted in Western socio-historical conditions, requires reinterpretation when applied to postcolonial contexts like India. The paper ultimately proposes a nuanced view that balances Weberian insights with contemporary governance challenges. It also reflects on ongoing reforms aimed at improving bureaucratic efficiency, transparency, and responsiveness, suggesting that Indian bureaucracy must evolve toward a hybrid model that blends rational-legal principles with participatory governance. In doing so, the paper contributes to both theoretical debates and policy-oriented discourse on administrative reform in the Global South.

The adoption of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was a game-changing step towards reforming the country's complicated indirect tax structure. An only tax would be imposed on all goods and services. Approximately 160 nations have implemented GST. GST will provide a comprehensive tax base with limited exemptions, thereby supporting the industry. GST will improve the economy's efficiency by lowering tax accumulation, since it will erase all tax barriers between states and integrate the country with a single tax rate. Since the introduction of GST, various revisions have been made as needed. The Finance Bill, 2025, also proposes many regulatory amendments and enabling provisions under GST that are consistent with the GST Council's suggestion at its 55th meeting. The study focuses on the amendments made in GST in the Finance Bill 2025.

This research paper examines the applicability of Émile Durkheim’s sociological framework to the Indian context, with a particular focus on the intersecting roles of caste, religion, and social solidarity. As a foundational figure in sociology, Durkheim conceptualized society as a moral community held together by collective beliefs and practices, which is especially pertinent in understanding India’s enduring social structures. The caste system, traditionally based on notions of purity, hierarchy, and hereditary occupation, is analyzed through Durkheim’s concept of mechanical solidarity, which binds individuals through shared values and a collective conscience. The study also explores the challenges posed to this solidarity in a society transitioning towards modernity and increasing social differentiation—conditions that require a shift towards organic solidarity. Furthermore, the role of religion in Indian society is critically examined through Durkheim’s lens, highlighting its integrative function in maintaining moral boundaries and communal identity. By incorporating insights from Indian thinkers such as B.R. Ambedkar and M.N. Srinivas, this paper blends classical theory with indigenous perspectives, offering a nuanced view of Indian social life. It argues that despite the rise of individualism and secularism, caste and religion continue to shape collective behavior, contributing to both cohesion and conflict. Overall, the study emphasizes the continuing relevance of Durkheimian theory in interpreting social phenomena beyond the Western world, advocating for a comparative sociological approach.

This study examines the effect of an Activity-Based Learning (ABL) program on English subject achievement among Standard VIII students, and explores how its impact varies across selected individual variables: gender, prior English proficiency, and academic motivation. Employing a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test assessments, the investigation involved two cohorts-experimental group exposed to ABL strategies and control group receiving traditional instruction.The ABL intervention incorporated interactive, learner-cantered pedagogies, including collaborative storytelling, language games, role-plays, peer-generated exercises, and matching/milestone activities—as aligned with ABL practices reported in Indian and South Asian contexts.Results demonstrated that the ABL group achieved significantly higher post-test scores in English achievement relative to the control group (p < 0.05), consistent with multiple prior studies showing positive learning outcomes from activity-based techniques. Gender-wise, both boys and girls benefited, with slightly higher gains among girls, though differences were not statistically significant. In terms of prior proficiency, students with moderate baseline English ability showed the largest gains, suggesting mid-level learners benefit most from ABL formats. Similarly, higher-motivation students exhibited greater improvement in ABL settings, indicating motivation as a positive moderator of ABL effectiveness.Qualitative feedback revealed that students found ABL sessions more engaging, confidence-boosting, and supportive of deep understanding—echoing themes reported in earlier educational research in elementary and middle school contexts.

આધુનિક બદલાતી સમાજ વ્યવસ્થામાં કુટુંબના માળખામાં ધીરે ધીરે પરિવર્તન આવી રહ્યું છે, જેમાં એક સંતાન ધરાવવાનું પ્રમાણ વધી રહ્યું છે. આ પરિવર્તન પાછળ આધુનિક જીવનશૈલી, નાણાકીય મર્યાદાઓ, અને કારકિર્દી પ્રત્યેની પ્રાથમિકતાઓ કારણભૂત છે. એક સંતાન ધરાવતી વ્યવસ્થામાં બાળકને ખાસ સ્નેહ, ધ્યાન અને સંસાધનો મળે છે, પરંતુ સાથે જ તે અનેક પ્રકારના સામાજિક અને માનસિક પડકારોનો સામનો પણ કરે છે. માતાપિતાની ભૂમિકા એવી સ્થિતિમાં અત્યંત મહત્વપૂર્ણ બની જાય છે, જ્યાં તેમને બાળકોમાં સંવેદના, સહકાર, નૈતિકતા અને જીવનકૌશલ્ય વિકસાવવાનો પ્રયાસ કરવો પડે છે. શિક્ષણતંત્ર અને સમાજે પણ મળીને આવાં બાળકો માટે યોગ્ય માર્ગદર્શન અને સહાયક વાતાવરણ પૂરું પાડવું જોઈએ. જો સમયસર યોગ્ય પગલાં ન લેવાય તો ભવિષ્યમાં, આવા સંતાનો માનસિક દબાણ, એકલતા અને આવશ્યક જીવન કૌશલ્યોના અભાવથી પીડાઈ શકે છે. તેથી સમાજ, કુટુંબ અને નીતિનિર્માતાઓએ આ પરિવર્તનને ધ્યાનમાં રાખી સંતુલિત અને સર્વાંગી વિકાસ માટે સંયોજિત પ્રયાસો કરવા જરૂરી છે.

માધ્યકાલીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યમાં નિરાંત કાવ્ય અને નિરાંત સંપ્રદાય વિશે નોંધ લેવાયેલ નથી. પ્રસ્તુત આલેખમાં શ્રી નિરાંત મહારાજના સમયની સામાજિક, આર્થિક અને ધાર્મિક પરિસ્થિતિનું ચિત્ર દર્શાવ્યું છે. નિરાંત મહારાજનું જીવન-કવન, સંપ્રદાય અને તેમનું સાહિત્ય, નિરાંતનો પંચશીલનો સિંદ્ધાંત, ગુરુભક્તિનો મહિમા તેમનું આત્મદર્શન અને સાંપ્રત સમયમાં નિરાંત સપ્રદાયની સ્થિત વિશેના નિર્દેશો આપ્યા છે.

Augmented Reality (AR) is quickly becoming a game-changing technology in education that provides an engaging immersive experience and opportunity to learn. AR can mediate the conceptual levels of thinking with application to the physical world and can help overcome the disconnection between concepts and their use in the real world in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education where one can lay digital information on top of the physical world. The paper examines how AR can be used to complement interactive learning by suggesting ways on how it can be completed to enhance student engagement, learning conceptualization and problem solving abilities. The study is based upon the review of recent research and the evidence of cases in order to analyze how AR based applications, including 3D visualizations of molecules, virtual simulations of engineering edges and interactive mathematical models allow learners to understand the intricate subjects more clearly. The study also explores AR’s effects on motivation, collaboration and cognitive encoding of what is learned, especially in complex learning contingencies. The evidence indicates that AR embraces experiential and inquiry-based learning that opens the STEM subjects in a way that is accessible and attractive. Obstacles like technical shortcomings, the readiness of teachers and the expense costs are talked about, not leaving without any mention of how successfully it can be implemented. The study concludes that AR can have a major impact on modernizing the training of STEM that has the power of changing the pensiveness of passive learning and transforming it into the proactive exploration resulting in students becoming future-proof professionals in the current world which is becoming highly digital and technological.

As Indian e-commerce continues to rapidly evolve, online reviews have emerged as a compelling choice for influencing consumer purchasing behaviours. This study sought to evaluate the impact online reviews have on consumers when making apparel purchases through Meesho, a mobile social commerce platform that is experiencing particular success with users in Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3 cities, and rural areas. The aim of this study was to better understand how consumers evaluate and respond to social commerce products and sellers based on online reviews such as star rating versus user comments versus customer images and quantity of reviews collectively influence their buying choices. The results are based on 100 responses to structured questionnaires administered to Meesho users in Gujarat. Data analysis uncovered key patterns of behaviour: 75% of respondents always (or often) rely on reviews, and 73% of respondents found reviews had a high to very high influence on their final purchase. Females and Tier 1 were more frequent shoppers, while trustworthiness of reviews was obviously most highly associated with visuals and detailed narratives. Interestingly, consumers preferred products with a lower star rating but more reviews because they favoured social proof over averages.The research highlights demographic disparities in review-reading behavior, showing variations in trust, skepticism, and emotional response based on region, gender, and profession. These insights are valuable for marketers, e-commerce strategists, and Meesho sellers aiming to boost product visibility and consumer trust. The study recommends promoting authentic, image-verified reviews and leveraging consumer psychology to influence online purchase decisions.

विश्वस्मिन् अस्मदीया भारतीयकालगणना अतीव प्राचीना वैज्ञानिकी सूक्ष्मतमा वर्तते । भारतीयकालगणनैव सूर्यचन्द्रमसोर्गत्यनुसारं प्रचलति । तेन कारणेनास्माकं सर्वेप्युत्सवा नियतकाल एव आयान्ति । भारतीयकालपरिमाणस्य सूक्ष्मतमः कालः परमाणुर्वर्तते तथा बृहत्तमकालो ब्राह्मदिनं विद्यते । तत्र बहूनि परिमाणानि सन्ति, तानि यथा – परमाणु-अणु-पल-विपल-प्रतिपल-निमेष-क्षण-घटी-होरा-प्रहर-अहोरात्र-सप्ताह-पक्ष-मास-अयन-संवत्सर-ब्राह्मदिनादीनि । एषु परिमाणेष्वन्यतस्य होरापरिमाणस्य विज्ञानं प्रस्तूयते । होरा इति शब्दस्य कोर्थः ?, अस्मिन् शब्दे किं संपूर्णे लिङ्गम् ? का च व्युत्पत्तिः ? इति प्रश्नाः सहजतया जायन्ते । तर्हि अग्निपुराणे उक्तं यथा – चतुर्विंशतिवेलाभिरहोरात्रं प्रचक्षते । पश्चिमादर्द्धसत्रादि होराणां विद्यते क्रमः ।। राश्यर्द्धभागो होरानाम्ना विज्ञायते । असौ शब्दः स्त्रीलिङ्गे वर्तते । हुडृ – गतौ धातोः रन् प्रत्यये कृते होराशब्दो निष्पद्यते । सामान्यतः प्रत्येकस्मिन् दिवसे चतुर्विंशतिहोराः भवन्ति । तत्र यस्य ग्रहस्य प्रथमा होरा भवति, तद्दिनमपि तद्ग्रहनाम्ना ज्ञायते । इत्थमस्माकं सूर्यादिवासराणां नामाभिधानं तथा क्रमनिर्धारणं जायते । तत्र होराणां विशिष्टः क्रमो वर्तते, सूर्यः शुक्रः बुधः चन्द्रः शनिः गुरुः मङ्गलः । अनेन क्रमेण सम्पूर्णस्य होराचक्रस्य निर्माणं भवति । यथा जैनधर्मे यात्रायाः प्राक् चोघडीयादर्शनं भवति तथैव मुहूर्त्ताभावे माङ्गलिककार्येषु, विद्यारम्भे, विवाहे, नूतनयन्त्रक्रयणे, भूमिक्रयणे इत्यादिषु विविधेषु कार्येषु होरायाः उपयोगिता वर्तते । अनेन प्रकारेण निश्चितग्रहस्य नियतहोरायां कार्यं क्रियते चेदवश्यं तत्तत्कार्येषु सिद्धिः प्राप्यते । एतादृग् विज्ञानमस्माकं भारतीयज्ञानपरम्परायां निहितं वर्तते ।

In this paper, we embark on a sociological journey to explore the 2025 Marathi film Phule, a deeply moving and meticulously crafted portrayal of the revolutionary lives and transformative work of Mahatma Jyotirao Phule and Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule. We delve deeply into how the film captures the complex and often heartbreaking interplay of caste, class, and gender within the rigid social hierarchy of 19th-century colonial India. By dissecting the film’s nuanced representation of their pioneering efforts in social reform, the profound and transformative role of education as a tool for liberation, their unwavering and courageous resistance to Brahminical oppression, and their relentless advocacy for gender empowerment, this paper reveals Phule as a powerful and truly essential cinematic tool for comprehending historical social justice movements. Our analysis is framed through the insightful and interconnected lenses of Ambedkarite sociology, Marxist theory, and feminist thought, illuminating the profound, often perilous, and always inspiring nature of their struggle for a more equitable society.